Background: Microgrids integrating high shares of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems reduce reliance on fossil fuels but introduce significant stability challenges due to the intermittent nature of solar irradiance and the lack of rotational inertia.

Objective: This study evaluates the voltage and frequency stability of an islanded microgrid under varying PV penetration levels and sudden load disturbances.

Method: This study uses a simulated dataset created for academic training purposes. A microgrid model comprising a PV array, battery energy storage system (BESS), and dynamic loads was developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulations were conducted at 30%, 60%, and 90% PV penetration ratios.

Key Results: At 90% PV penetration without BESS support, the microgrid experienced voltage deviations exceeding ±15% and frequency oscillations that violated stability limits following a 20% load increase. Integrating a BESS with virtual inertia control successfully damped oscillations and restored stability within 0.5 seconds.